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1) Infectious bursal disease of chickens leads to loss of which the following cell types?

1. B lymphocytes
2. Enteric epithelia
3. Neurons
4. Thymic cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 2) Cellular onc genes are:

1. host genes encoding (usually) products involved in normal cell signaling and cell division pathways
2. host genes encoding products of little usefulness to the normal cell and seem to fxn only in the causation of cancer
3. sometimes "turned on" abnormally by an adjacently-integrated oncogenic retrovirus with a strong promoter for RNA dependent RNA polymerase II activity
4. sometimes transduced into genome of an oncogenic retrovirus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 3) Which of the following agents may be spread horixontally between infected horses WITHOUT an insect vector?

1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
2. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
3. West Nile Virus
4. Western Equine Encephalitis Virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 4) The transmissible spongioform encephalopathy that appears to cross species lines relatively easily is which of the following?

1. Bovine spongioform encekphalopathy
2. Chronic wasting disease
3. Kuru
4. Scrapie

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 5) For which of the following families are specific antiviral medications available to treat infections?

1. Coronaviridae
2. Herpesviridae
3. Iridoviridae
4. Picornaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 6) In addition to reverse transcription, RTase has which of the following activities?

1. DNase
2. RNAase
3. glycosylase
4. protease

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 7) The TSE that appears to be able to cross spp lines easily is which of the following?

1. Bovine spongioform encephalopathy
2. Chronic wasting dz
3. Creutzfeldt-Jakob dz
4. Scrapie

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 8) Antiviral drugs available for influenza may inhibit

1. assembly
2. attachment
3. transcription
4. uncoating

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 9) Which of the following diseases is currently endemic in the US?

1. African Swine Fever
2. Foot and Mouth Disease
3. Lumpy Skin Disease
4. Scrapie

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 10) The TSE that occurs in wildlife in the USA is which of the following?

1. Bovine spongioform encephalopathy
2. Chronic wasting dz
3. Creutzfeldt-Jakob dz
4. Scrapie

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 11) Which of the following viral genera contains members associated with respiratory disease and abortion in dogs, horses, and cattle?

1. Alphaherpesvirus
2. Enterovirus
3. Ranavirus
4. Suipoxvirus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 12) Outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever occur during which of the following conditions?

1. Freezing temps and heavy snowfall
2. Heavy rainfall with flooding
3. High altitude and drying conditions
4. Period of drought and high temperature

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 13) Rubella has the most serious consequences in:

1. Children
2. Elderly
3. Pregnant women
4. Summer months

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 14) The transmissible spongioform encephalopathies (TSE's) are acquired by which of the following modes?

1. Aerosol
2. Animal bite
3. Arthropod vector
4. Ingestion

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 15) Herpesviridae: Viral messenger RNA is transcribed from viral DNA by a transcriptase which is a(n):

1. alpha gene product
2. beta gene product
3. cellular gene product
4. gamma gene product

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 16) The antiviral effect of nucleoside analogues is due to their interaction with the following viral enzyme:

1. Latency Associated Transcript
2. alpha trans inducing factor
3. thymidine kinase
4. virion host shutoff protein

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 17) Orf is a disease that is most significant in which of the following hosts?

1. Cattle
2. Kittens
3. Lambs
4. Wildlife

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 18) Which of the following statements about Foot and Mouth Disease or its agent is TRUE?

1. Infection invariably leads to death
2. Infections are localized with no systemic spread
3. Lesions in sheep and goats are the most severe while infection in cattle is often subclinical
4. Recovered animal are immune to all serotypes

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 19) What is single sign-on?

1. Allowing a user to log in with a single ID to different systems
2. Only allowing one user to log in to a system at a time
3. Restricting a user to logging on with one device at a time
4. Saving a user's password so they only ever have to enter it once

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 20) Yellow fever and Dengue are both associated with:

1. Encephalitis
2. Hemorrhagic fever
3. Pneumonia
4. Polyarthritis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 21) The lesions of feline infectious peritonitis invovle all fo the following EXCEPT:

1. IgE production and type I hypersensitivity
2. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
3. complement activation
4. immune complexformation

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 22) Vesicular stomatitis is impt b/c the dz resembles

1. F&M dz
2. RV
3. measles
4. small pox

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 23) Which of the following transmissible spongioform encephalopathies occurs naturally in wildlife?

1. Bovine spongioform encephalopathy
2. Chronic wasting disease
3. Kuru
4. Scrapie

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 24) The genus of Paramyxoviridae that includes sever significant pathogens of humans and animals, and which may result in widespread tissue infections involving the resp, GI, and neuro sys is which of the following?

1. Lyssavirus
2. Morbillivirus
3. Pneumovirus
4. Rubulavirus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 25) The genera of the Picornaviridae differ in which of the following properties?

1. Acid stability
2. Number of capsomers
3. Number of open reading frames in the genome
4. Number of proteins composing the capsomers

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 26) Which of the following has as its pathogenesis immune-mediated destruction of cells?

1. Avian infectious bronchitis
2. Feline infectious peritonitis
3. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis
4. Transmissible gastroenteritis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 27) The transcription of the Reoviridae members is unusual in that:

1. It is done by the cellular transcriptase
2. It occurs in the cell nucleus
3. It occurs w/in the viral core
4. It produces nested trannscripts

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 28) Which of the following is not a possible sequela to mumps

1. encephalitis
2. orchitis
3. pancreatitis
4. splenitis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 29) Rift Valley Fever is a significant dz in which of the following animals?

1. Carnivores
2. Poultry
3. Rodents
4. Ruminants

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 30) The cell type impt in neural dz due to HIV is a

1. B lymphocyte
2. T lymphocyte
3. macrophage
4. neutrophil

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 31) The surface receptor for HIV is ______ on ____ cells

1. CD4; T helper
2. CD8; cytotoxic T
3. ICAM-I; B
4. MHC; macrophage

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 32) Which of the following is NOT a reportable/ notifiable disease?

1. Avian encephalomyelitis
2. Foot and mouth disease
3. Swine vesicular disease
4. Vesicular exanthema of swine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 33) Which of the following is not an impt reservoir of rv infection in the US

1. coyotes
2. raccoons
3. skunks
4. wolves

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 34) Which group of animals suffers severe dz with teh agent of Rift Valley Fever?

1. equids
2. poultry
3. ruminants
4. suids

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 35) Cap snatching is required for transcription of which of the following?

1. orthomyxovirus
2. paramyxovirus
3. retrovirus
4. rhabdovirus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 36) The genomic property of ambisense indicates

1. Circular nature of the genome due to inverted repeat sequences
2. Double-stranded nature of the DNA
3. Genome is segmented
4. Genome may act as mRNa and undergo translation after uncoating

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 37) Vesicular stomatitis can be distinguished from foot and mouth dz in part b/c it affects which of the following species?

1. Deer
2. Horses
3. Sheep
4. Swine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 38) Vasculitis is assoc with the agent of which of the following dz of swine?

1. hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis
2. nipah
3. procine resp and repro syndrome
4. transmissible gastroenteritis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 39) Which of the following causes the most severe disease in adult animals?

1. Bluecomb disease
2. Porcine epidemic diarrhea
3. Transmissible gastroenteritis
4. Winter dysentery

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 40) Arteriviridae members differ from Coronaviridae members in which of the following properties?

1. Capsid symmetry
2. Genomic sense (i.e. positive vs negative)
3. Linear vs circular genome
4. Presence of envelope

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 41) Which of the following is considered a foreign disease agent ot the USA and is notifiable to state and federal authorites when suspected?

1. Classical Swine Fever Virus
2. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
3. Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
4. West Nile Virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 42) Which of the following transmissible spongioform encephalopathies is present in wildlife in the US?

1. Chronic wasting dz
2. Kuru
3. Mink encephalopathy
4. Scrapie

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 43) Which of the following is notifiable because of the disease resemblance to foot and mouth disease?

1. Rubivirus
2. Vesicular exanthema
3. Viral arteritis
4. Winter dysentery

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 44) Which of the following is not a source of rabies in the US

1. fox
2. opossum
3. raccoon
4. skunk

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 45) With feline infectious peritonitis, the etiologic agent mutates, altering its cellular tropism from ________ to _______.

1. Epithelia; lymphocytes
2. Intestinal epithelia; monocytes/macrophages
3. Intestinal epithelia; respiratory epithelia
4. Mucosal epithelia; white blood cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 46) Azidothymidine is a chemotherapeutic agent used in HIV and FIV infections. its mechanism of action involves

1. incorporation into growing RNA strand by RT
2. incorportation into growing RNA strand by DNA dependent RNA polymerase II
3. incorportation into the growing DNA strand by reverse transcriptase
4. phosphorylatino of azidothymidine molecule by thymidine kinase before it becomes active

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 47) Which of the following is not a possible consequence of equine viral arteritis?

1. Edema and hemorrhage
2. Persistent infection of stallions
3. Respiratory disease
4. Small bowel diarrhea

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 48) Alphaherpesvirinae members

1. Achieve latency in neural ganglia
2. Achieve latency in secretory glands
3. Are lymphotropic
4. Replicate slowly in epithelial cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 49) Transcription for Togaviridae members involves which of the following strategies:

1. Production of genomic and subgenomic mRNA
2. Production of genomic-length mRNA only
3. Production of nested transcripts
4. Use of cellular mRNA caps

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 50) 2 impt regulatory proteins of HIV are

1. alpha TIF & LAT
2. hemagglutinin & neuraminidase
3. leader & promoter
4. tat & rev

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 51) Which of the following strategies is used during mRNA translation of some Flaviviridae members?

1. Cellular mRNA cap-snatching
2. Cleavage of cellular cap-binding complex
3. Degredation of cellular mRNA
4. Use of internal ribosomal entry site during translation

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 52) Which of the following viral genera contains members associated with die-offs of frogs?

1. Alphaherpesvirus
2. Enterovirus
3. Ranavirus
4. Suipoxvirus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 53) Infectious bronchitis of chickens may also lead to which of the following disease manifestations?

1. Atrophy of bursa of Fabriscus
2. Neoplasia
3. Paralysis
4. Reduced egg production and abnormal eggs

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 54) Mouse hepatitis virus infects and causes lesions in liver and _______.

1. Intestines
2. Kidneys
3. Lungs
4. Spleen

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 55) Herpesvirus virion structural proteins are encoded by:

1. alpha genes
2. beta genes
3. capsid genes
4. gamma genes

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 56) The Poxviridae members carry all of the following as viral structural proteins EXCEPT:

1. Lateral body
2. RNA polymerase (transcriptase)
3. mRNA capping enzyme
4. mRNA splicing enzyme

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 57) Which of the following agents produces proteins that mimic coagulation cascade proteins and leads to depletion of clotting factors?

1. Bunyaviruses
2. Filoviruses
3. Paramyxoviruses
4. Torociruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 58) Cleavage of what surface protein of orthomyxovirus is critical to viral infection

1. G glycoprotein
2. fusion protein
3. hemagglutinin
4. neuraminidase

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 59) The viruses which make and secrete a glycoprotein that acts as a decoy antigen that binds neutralizing antibodies is which of the following?

1. Arenaviruses
2. Birnaviruses
3. Bornaviruses
4. Filoviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 60) Alpha trans-inducing factor protein encoded by herpesviruses is associated with the:

1. envelope
2. genome
3. nucelocapsid
4. tegument

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 61) The viruses that utilize a terminal protein to prime DNA replication are which of the following?

1. Adenoviridae
2. Circoviridae
3. Papillomaviridae
4. Polyomaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 62) The tegument is a structural component of _______ and contains a viral protein used for ________.

1. Herpesviruses; host mRNA degredation
2. Herpesviruses; splicing mRNA
3. Iridoviruses; DNA replication
4. Poxviruses; transcription

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 63) Which is not a correct statement regarding the properties of viral glycoproteins as we understand them?

1. their amino acid sequence is encoded by the viral genome
2. they are incorporated into cellular membranes before becoming part of the virion
3. they are often involved in virus attachment for initiation of infection
4. they are usually non-structural proteins

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 64) The term used to describe fusion of adjacent cells by viral envelope glycoproteins expressed on an infected cell's surface is which of the following?

1. fusarium
2. lysogeny
3. syncytia
4. syngeneic

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 65) Immediately after uncoating, translation of the coronavirus genome produces which of the following proteins?

1. Capsomer
2. Hemagglutinin
3. Peplomer
4. Polymerase

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 66) The herpesvirus virion host shutoff protein involved in herpesvirus replication is released from the virion at/in the:

1. cell membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. nuclear pore
4. nucleus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 67) A component of the pathogenesis of filoviruses is that some viral proteins

1. activate cellular growth factors
2. down-regulate MHC-I expression
3. lead to disruption fo the nuclear membrane
4. resemble certain host proteins such as clotting factor

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 68) The first step of replication following uncoating of picornaviruses is which of the following?

1. Budding
2. Genomic replication
3. Transcription
4. Translation

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 69) The normal host of the herpesvirus causing Malignant Catarrhal Fever in cattle often is

1. buffalo
2. gazelle
3. wildebeest
4. zebra

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 70) The species of animal that may serve as an amplifier in an outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus, producing high levels of virus in respiratory secretions is which of the following?

1. Cattle
2. Goats
3. Sheep
4. Swine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 71) Which of the following viruses has the highest mortality in infected horses?

1. Eastern equine encaphalitis virus
2. Venequelan equine encaphalitis virus
3. West Nile virus
4. Western equine encaphalitis virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 72) An effective vaccine for rotavirus msut induce

1. cell-mediated immunity in stomach
2. humoral immunity in oropharyngeal tissue
3. local immunity in intestines
4. systemic IgG

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 73) The virus classified within the Rhabdoviridae that affects livestock and is reportable to state authorities is the agent of which of the following?

1. Bluetongue
2. Swine vesicular dz
3. Vesicular exanthema
4. Vesicular stomatitis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 74) Antigenic shifts w/in the orthomyxovirus family are most readily explained by:

1. deletion mutations (that is, production of defective viruses with deleted genome segments
2. intramolecular recombinatino during dual infection
3. point mutations during virus replication
4. reassociation (i.e. reassortment) of the genome segments during dual infection

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 75) Which of the following Bunyavirus-related diseases is NOT generally associated with abortion in infected animals?

1. Akabane
2. Nairobi Sheep Dz
3. Rift Valley Fever
4. Sandfly Fever

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 76) The dz due to Bornavirus affects the ______ & is due to _____.

1. Bursa of Fabricius; viral destruction of B cells
2. CNS; T cell immune response to the virus
3. blood vessels; autoimmune respones to surface proteins
4. lungs; viral destruction of pneumocytes

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 77) The first stem in all virus infections is which of the following?

1. Attachment to cell receptor
2. Fusion
3. Migration to nucleus
4. Uncoating

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 78) The virus of African Horse Sickness targets which of the following cell types leading to the characteristic edematous lesions is which of the following?

1. Endothelial cells
2. Hepatic parenchymal cells
3. Kupffer cells
4. Pneumocytes

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 79) Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of poultry, in addition to respiratory disease, also causes:

1. Decreased egg production
2. Epidemic tremors
3. Feather loss
4. Hepatic failure

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 80) Which of the following viruses require the cellular nucleus for replication?

1. Asfarviruses
2. Caliciviruses
3. Iridoviruses
4. Picornaviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 81) Akbane and cache valley fever viruses are similar in that both cause which of the following dz synderomes in infected animals?

1. abortion
2. encephalitis
3. hemorrhagic fever
4. hepatic necrosis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 82) Which of the following poxviruses is NOT routinely transmitted by insects?

1. Goatpoxvirus
2. Parapoxvirus
3. Sheeppoxvirus
4. Swinepoxvirus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 83) The viruses of Cowpox, Monkey Pox, and Encephalomyocarditis (Picornavirus) share a common characteristic in that the natural host for all is which of the following?

1. Carnivores
2. Cattle
3. Rodents
4. Ticks

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 84) Pseudorabies virus may cause disease in all of the following EXCEPT:

1. Cats
2. Monkeys
3. Rodents
4. Swine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 85) Within the Coronavirus genus of Coronaviridae, segregation of viruses into groups I-III is primarily based on:

1. Antigenicity
2. Capsomer number
3. Genomic sequence
4. Virion diameter

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 86) The virus families, in addition to Orthomyxoviruses, whose members snatch the cap of cellular mRNA in order to prime viral RNA syntheses are which of the following?

1. Arenaviridae, Filoviridae
2. Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae
3. Filoviridae, Bornaviridae
4. Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 87) During its replication cycle, herpesvirus DNa is replicated by a product(s) of:

1. alpha gene(s)
2. beta gene(s)
3. cellular gene(s)
4. gamma gene(s)

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 88) A common consequence of equine herpesvirus 1 infection in horses is:

1. Abortion
2. Enteritis
3. Pneumonia
4. Vaginitis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 89) The virus family that contains many pathogens of fish is which of the following?

1. Adenoviridae
2. Circoviridae
3. Iridoviridae
4. Poxviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 90) The reservoir of malignant catarrhal fever virus in countries outside of Africa is:

1. Birds
2. Mosquitos
3. Sheep
4. White-tailed deer

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 91) Which of the following viruses us a viral protease to cleave and inactivate the cellular cap-binding complex leading ot uncapped cellular mRNA?

1. Bovine herpesvirus-1
2. Poliovirus
3. Vesicular exanthema virus
4. West Nile virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 92) Psittacine herpesvirus (Pacheco's disease) often results in necrotic lesions in the:

1. intestinal epithelium
2. liver
3. lymphoid tissues
4. upper respiratory tract

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 93) All of the following herpesviruses may lead to abortion in pregnant animals EXCEPT:

1. Bovine herpesvirus-1
2. Canine herpesvirus
3. Marek's disease virus
4. Pseudorabies virus (in swine)

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 94) Which of the following has the largest RNA genome of animal viruses?

1. Caliciviridae
2. Coronaviridae
3. Picornaviridae
4. Togaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 95) Persistent infections with bovine viraldiarrhea virus (BVDV) are due to:

1. Ability of the virus to mutate and escape the immune response
2. Immunosuppression of the calf caused by the virus
3. Immunotolerance to the virus in calves infected in utero
4. Tremendous antigenic variability of the virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 96) Which of the following contributes to the tissue tropism of influenza viruses

1. presence of CD4 receptor
2. presence of cellular protease
3. presence of glycosylation enzyme
4. presence of intercellular adhesion molecule

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 97) Bornaviruses reach their target tissue (replication in which leads to the dz associated with these viruses) via which of the following modes of spread?

1. Epithelial migration
2. Lymph circulation
3. Macrophage transport
4. Neuronal migration

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 98) For which of the following viruses is infectivity enhanced by transit through the intestine?

1. Influenza virus
2. Metapneumovirus
3. Paramyxovirus
4. Rotavirus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 99) The reservoir of Hendravirus is which of the following?

1. bats
2. birds
3. reptiles
4. rodents

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 100) Which of the following viruses causes anorexia, weight loss or poor weight gain, gastrointestinal symptoms, and death in pigs by infection of the central nervous system?

1. Coxsackie virus
2. Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
3. Swine vesicular disease
4. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 101) The reservoir for Hantavirus in the Americas is which of the following?

1. Arthropods
2. Bats
3. Deer
4. Mice

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 102) The reservoir and vector for the Arenaviruses is which of the following?

1. Birds
2. Mosquitoes
3. Rodents
4. Sandflies

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 103) The majority of human infections of rabies virus in the USA come from which of the following reservoir spp?

1. Bats
2. Cats
3. Dogs
4. Skunks

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 104) Bluetongue virus of sheep is transmitted by ________ & targets specific ________ cells.

1. aerosol; white blood
2. culicoides; endothelial
3. ingestion; endothelial
4. ticks; epithelial

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 105) Which of the following viruses snatch othe cap of cellular mRNA in order to prime viral RNA synthesis?

1. Bunyaviruses
2. Filoviruses
3. Paramyxoviruses
4. Toroviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 106) The "natural" host of pseudorabies virus is:

1. cattle
2. dogs
3. sheep
4. swine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 107) Lifelong persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus arises by which of the following mechanisms?

1. Exaggerated humoral response to the virus
2. Immunodeficiency induced by the virus
3. Induction of immunotolerance to the virus
4. Viral latency

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 108) Which mechanism best explains the phenomenon of antigenic drift in a virus family?

1. accumulation of poitn mutations
2. arthropod migration
3. bird migration
4. reassortment of genome segments

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 109) The epidemic types of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus:

1. Are due to mutation of endemic strains
2. Arise by importation of foreing strains
3. Occur during periods of drought
4. Occur yearly in temperate zones

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 110) The enterotropic Coronaviruses target which of the following intestinal cell types?

1. Crypt epithelia
2. Epithelia of villus tips
3. Intestinal vascular endothelia
4. M cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 111) An obstacle to combating filovirus infectino is that

1. people that recover remain persistnetly infected
2. the reservoir is unknown
3. the virus is easily spread by aerosol
4. the virus uses an insect vector

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 112) The viruses of Bluetongue and African Horse Sickness are similar in that both target which of the following cell types?

1. Hepatic cells
2. Lung parenchyma
3. Myocardium
4. Vascular endothelia

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 113) The target cells of rotaviruses are ________ and it reaches these cells via transit through _________.

1. intestinal crypts; blood
2. intestinal epithelia; lymphatics
3. intestine villus tips; GI tract
4. macrophages; blood

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 114) Which of the following strategies is employed by single straned RNA viruses of negative polarity to govern the switch from transcription to genomic replication?

1. Accumulation of capsomers
2. Cap-snatching
3. Production of viral polymerase
4. Promotor activation

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 115) An impt paramyxovirus of poultry is

1. avian influenza virus
2. avian leukosis virus
3. infectious bursal dz virus
4. newcastle dz virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 116) The natural reservoir of the virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is believed to be:

1. Bats
2. Birds
3. Feral swine
4. Ticks

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 117) Arteriviruses target, in addition to vascular endothelia, which of the following cell types?

1. Intestinal M cells
2. Lymphocytes
3. Macrophages
4. Mast cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 118) In the replication cycle of viruses that have distinct phases of transcription, the phases are separated by which of the following?

1. Genomic replication
2. Splicing
3. Translation
4. Uncoating

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 119) Infectious Mareks disease virus is produced in:

1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. feather follicle epithelium
4. pharyngeal mucosa

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 120) The main viral property used to classify coronaviruses into grous (I, II, and III) within the Coronavirus genus is which of the following

1. Antigenicity
2. Genome polarity
3. Presence of an envelope
4. Transcriptional strategy

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 121) Transmission of African Swine Fever Virus may occur via all of the following modes EXCEPT:

1. Aerosol
2. Direct contact
3. Mosquitos
4. Ticks

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 122) Which of the following viruses' genome is a single molecule (i.e. not segmented) of linear RNA?

1. Arenaviruses
2. Birnaviruses
3. Bunyaviruses
4. Rhabdoviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 123) The phase in which (any) dz symptoms first occurs following rabies virus infection is which of the following?

1. Acute neurologic
2. Coma
3. Incubation
4. Prodrome

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 124) The strx of reoviruses is unusual in that they

1. are bullet-shaped
2. have a diploid genome
3. have a double shell
4. occur in long filaments

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 125) Which of the following viruses reaches its clinically-significant target tissue via neuronal migration?

1. Arenaviruses
2. Birnaviiruses
3. Bornaviruses
4. Filoviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 126) During latency of herpesviruses, the viral genome:

1. Integrates inot the cellular DNA
2. Is degraded
3. Is not transcribed
4. Remains episomal in the nucleus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 127) The virus family that contains many pathogens of fish is which of the following?

1. Adenoviridae
2. Circoviridae
3. Iridoviridae
4. Poxviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 128) Which of the following virus families contain nonenveloped virions?

1. Caliciviridae
2. Herpesviridae
3. Poxviridae
4. Togaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 129) Which of the following viral families contains the larges virus of animals?

1. Caliciviridae
2. Herpesviridae
3. Poxviridae
4. Togaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 130) Influenza viruses are classified into subgroups according to

1. antigenicity of surface proteins
2. cellular location of replication
3. mechanism of transcription
4. polymerase gene sequence

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 131) Rabies virus reaches the brain and salivary gland via the

1. SQ tissue
2. blood
3. lymph
4. nerves

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 132) The herpesvirus capsid is:

1. helical
2. icosahedral
3. octahedral
4. pleiomorphic

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 133) In herpesvirus infected cells, virion capsids assemble in/at the:

1. cytoplasm
2. inner lamella of the nuclear membrane
3. nucleus
4. plasma membrane

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 134) Foot and mouth disease virus is of great concern economically for many reasons including:

1. It affects horses, cattle, swine, and goats
2. It has high mortality
3. It is highly contagious
4. Its transmissibility via mosquitoes

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 135) The reservoirs of which the following virus groups are rodents?

1. Arenaviruses and Phleboviruses
2. Bornaviruses and Birnaviruses
3. Filoviruses and Bornaviruses
4. Hantaviruses and Arenaviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 136) Which of the following viruses may be shed in semen?

1. Bovine coronavirus
2. Equine viral arteritis virus
3. Resp syncytial virus
4. Vesicular stomatitis virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 137) Abortive Replication of a virus may lead to which of the following?

1. Cell lysis
2. Cellular transformation
3. Cytopathic effects
4. Virus release

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 138) Which of the following viruses has as its pathogenesis immune-mediated tissue destruction?

1. Feline coronavirus
2. Poliovirus
3. Vesicular exanthema virus
4. West Nile virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 139) Orf, the disease caused by parapoxvirus is most significant in lambs because:

1. It causes oral lesions that hinder nursing
2. It is transmitted by insects
3. It spreads systemically
4. There is no vaccine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 140) One virus that has been isolated from feline sarcoma, called the Gardner Arnstein feline sarcoma virus, has the following genotype: *imagine it in your head* On the basis of this genotype, the virus is probably:

1. a rapidly transforming virus defective for replication
2. a rapidly transforming virus nondefective for replication
3. a slowly transforming virus defective for replication and dependent on mechanism of "insertional activation" for sarcomagenesis
4. a slowly transforming virus nondefective for replication and depending on a mechanism of "insertional activation" for sarcomagenesis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 141) Which of the following virus families contains a member associated with lymphoid tumors in poultry?

1. Caliciviridae
2. Herpesviridae
3. Poxviridae
4. Togaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 142) For successful replication of reoviruses, it is necessary that which process be incomplete?

1. activation of RNA polymerase
2. budding
3. fusion
4. uncoating

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 143) Herpesvirus recrudescence may be induced by

1. Latency Associated Transcript
2. a variety of stressors
3. exposure to a closely related virus
4. re-exposure to the same virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 144) Transcription of iridoviruses differs from that of asfarviruses in that iridoviruses:

1. Produce nested transcripts
2. Produce polycistronic messages
3. Use cellular RNA polymerase
4. Use viral DNA polymerase

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 145) Picornaviruses differ from caliciviruses in that picornaviruses utilize which of the following replication strategies

1. Carry the viral RNA polymerase into the cell
2. Produce nested transcripts of mRNA
3. Produce subgenomic mRNA
4. Utilize an internal ribosomal entry site in mRNA for translation

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 146) Torovirus infections manifest with dz referable to which system?

1. Endocrine
2. GI
3. Nervous
4. Resp

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 147) Which of the following is a requirement for a reservoir of an arthropod borne virus?

1. Infection with the virus leads to a brief low-titer viremia in the reservoir
2. Infection with the virus leads to mortality in the reservoir
3. Reproduction f the reservoir is rapid
4. The reservoir population is sparse

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 148) The viruses used to control rabbit populations in Australia are classified in which of the following families?

1. Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae
2. Coronaviridae and Herpesviridae
3. Poxviridae and Caliciviridae
4. Togaviridae and Flaviviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 149) The major organ or system targeted by feline calicivirus is which of the following?

1. Gastrointestinal tract
2. Liver
3. Respiratory system
4. Reticuloendothelial system

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 150) The viruses that utilize terminal hairpins to prime DNA replication are which of the following?

1. Circoviridae
2. Papillomaviridae
3. Parvoviridae
4. Polyomaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 151) Rotavirus targets

1. intestinal crypts
2. intestinal epithelium
3. intestinal lymphatics
4. intestinal tips

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 152) Which of the following may be a manifestation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus infection in poultry?

1. Bursal destruction & immunosuppression
2. Decreased egg laying production
3. Feather loss
4. Paralysis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 153) African horse sickness and bluetongue result from virus replication in

1. brain
2. intestinal epithelia
3. lungs
4. vascular endothelium

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 154) An ineffective rotavirus vaccine would

1. a fecal transplant
2. be eating poop from a child
3. i don't give a crap b/c i'm not gonna see a cruise ship to catch it any time soon
4. screw a vaccine, i want rotavirus so i can skip finals

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 155) Which of the following includes a virus that specifically targets the B lymphocytes at a particular stage of differentiation in birds?

1. Arenaviruses
2. Birnaviiruses
3. Bornaviruses
4. Filoviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 156) In addition to epithelia of many tissues, canine distemper virus infects and is disseminated throughout the canine body by which of the following?

1. Dendritic cells and tissue macrophages
2. Lymphocytes and monocytes
3. Neutrophils and mast cells
4. RBC

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 157) All of the following poxviruses are transmitted by arthropods EXCEPT:

1. Lumpy skin disease virus
2. Sheep- and goatpox viruses
3. Smallpox virus
4. Suipox virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 158) For the arthropod-borne viruses (e.g. togaviruses, flaviviruses), it is important that the reservoirs:

1. Be a bird species
2. Maintain a viremia
3. Shed the virus from mucosal surfaces
4. Suffer severe disease with infection

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 159) Which of the following is a significant manifestation of Filovirus infection?

1. Diarrhea
2. Encephalitis
3. Prolonged bleeding
4. Psychiatric disorder

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 160) The viruses that have a circular genome of double-stranded DNA are which of the following?

1. Circoviridae
2. Papillomaviridae
3. Parvoviridae
4. Polyomaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 161) Toroviruses generally cause which of the following disease syndromes?

1. Acute renal failure
2. Encephalitis
3. Gastroenteritis
4. Vasculitis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 162) Two virus families containing impt pathogens of fish are which of the following?

1. Arenaviridae and Bunyaviridae
2. Bornaviridae and Filoviridae
3. Reoviridae and Orbiviridae
4. Rhabdoviridae and Birnaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 163) The biggest concern with retroviruses is

1. eww used stuff!!! i want everything new
2. i don't give a crap, just get this final over with already!!!
3. retro is going to bring woodstock back into favor and therefore spread more viruses
4. the affect on your social caliber b/c retro was so last season

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 164) The virus that may cause severe primary viral pneumonia in cattle with characteristic emphysematous lesions is which of the following

1. hantavirus
2. influenza virus
3. parainfluenza virus
4. resp syncytial virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 165) The genomic replication of picornaviruses is promed by which of the following structures?

1. Genomic hairpins
2. Internal ribosomal entry site
3. Penton
4. Terminal protein

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 166) The reservoirs for the newly recognized Henipaviruses (Hendra and Nipah) of the Paramyxoviridae are which of the following?

1. bats
2. birds
3. mosquitoes
4. sandflies

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 167) Nested transcription is done by all of the following viruses EXCEPT:

1. Avian infectious bronchitis virus
2. Equine viral arteritis virus
3. Mouse hepatitis virus
4. Vesicular exanthema virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 168) Viruses of which of the following families contain an ambisense genome?

1. arenaviridae
2. coronaviridae
3. flaviviridae
4. paramyxoriridaee. rhabdoviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 169) Which of the following herpesviruses may be associated with neoplasia?

1. Bovine herpesvirus-1
2. Canine herpesvirus
3. Marek's disease virus
4. Pseudorabies virus (in swine)

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 170) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (EEV) differs from Eastern and Western EEV in that VEEV:

1. Can be amplified by horses during epidemic outbreaks
2. Is endemic in North and South America
3. Is not arthropod-borne
4. Is transmitted by ticks as well as mosquitoes

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 171) Nipah virus was transmitted to humans from

1. fish
2. horses
3. rodents
4. swine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 172) Which of the following properties of ssRNA viruses of neg polarity ensures that an adequate amt of capsomers in synthesized

1. Genomic organization (where the genes are on the genome)
2. Genomic polarity
3. Intergenic signal sequences b/w each gene
4. Secondary RNA strx (how it is folded)

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 173) For which of the following viruses are horses potentially an amplifying host?

1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
2. Venezuuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
3. West Nile Virus
4. Western Equine Encephalitis Virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 174) The original source of the virus causing Vesicular Exanthema in swine is which of the following?

1. Feral swine
2. Marine mammals
3. Mosquitoes
4. Ticks

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 175) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is the most prevalent member of this group of rodent-borne viruses:

1. Arenaviruses
2. Birnaviiruses
3. Bornaviruses
4. Filoviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 176) Which of the following viruses of veterinary importance may have high mortality in humans?

1. Canine respiratory coronavirus
2. Eastern equine encephalitis virus
3. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
4. San Miguel Sea Lion virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 177) Which virus infection(s) might likely exhibit the phenomenon of antigenic shift?

1. Lasa fever (arenavirus)
2. bluetongue (reovirus)
3. influenza (orthomyxovirus)
4. rabies (rhabdovirus)

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 178) The family of viruses in which several impt pathogens of fish, including the agent of viral hemorrhagic septicemia are classified is which of the following?

1. Bornaviridae
2. Bunyaviridae
3. Paramyxoviridae
4. Rhabdoviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 179) Canine herpesvirus infection may cause a generalized infection in pups because of:

1. failure to acquire passive immunity
2. hypothermia in pups
3. stress of weaning
4. viral mammilitis in bitch

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 180) Which of the following is an impt consequence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection

1. anemia
2. immunosuppression
3. paralysis
4. renal failure

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 181) The major consequence of post-natal infection with the Pestivirus Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus is which of the following?

1. Encephalitis
2. Immunosuppression
3. Mucosal disease
4. Skin lesions

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 182) Which of teh following coronaviruses migrates to the target tissue via neurons?

1. Feline infectiosu peritonitis virus
2. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
3. Vomiting and wasting disease virus of swine
4. Winter dysentery virus of cattle

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 183) Which of the following viruses is spread by arthropods?

1. Border Dz Virus
2. Lassa Fever Virus
3. Rabies Virus
4. Yellow Fever Virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 184) Gamma herpesvirus infections often target:

1. lymphocytes
2. mucosal epithelium
3. nerve cells
4. secretory glands

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 185) Rotavirus and enteric coronoavirus infections of the neonate show a similar dz pattern: diarrhea followed by dehydration and often death. Which statement best fits our present understainding of viral pathogenesis by both of these organisms?

1. absorptive epithelium of the gut is destroyed
2. death is caused ultimately by endothelial destruction
3. malabsorption arising from virus-IgA immune complexes casues the dz symptoms
4. secretory epithelium of teh gut is destroyed

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 186) One of the major agents of KC in dogs is classified in which of the following virus families?

1. Birnaviridae
2. Bunyaviridae
3. Orthomyxoviridae
4. Paramyxoviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 187) Parainfluenza viruses are assoc w/

1. croup in children
2. inflamed salivary glands in children
3. influenza in children
4. rash in children

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 188) The geographic distribution of arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses is determined in large part by:

1. Anatomic site of viral shedding in reservoirs
2. Distribution of vector species that are permissive for the virus
3. Hardiness of the virus in the environment
4. Mode of transmission amonmg reservoirs

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 189) EIA virus, a retrovirus, is normally transmitted:

1. horizontally by an arthropod vector
2. horizontally by way of contact
3. vertically by way of milk
4. vertically by way of the germ cell

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 190) Marek's disease virus infection in chickens results in a proliferation of:

1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. epithelial cells
4. nerve cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 191) Filovirus targets the

1. bone marrow
2. neurons
3. renal tubules
4. vascular endothelium

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 192) Which animal spp may serve as a "mixing pot" for influenza viruses?

1. cattle
2. monkeys
3. rodents
4. swine

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 193) The genome of reoviruses is

1. circular dsRNA
2. diploid dsRNA
3. segmented dsRNA
4. segmented ssRNA

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 194) Poliovirus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, and Teschen disease virus gain acces to the central nervous system after dissemination from which of the following sites?

1. Direct inoculation into the bloodstream
2. Gastrointestinal tract
3. Insect vector bite
4. Respiratory tract

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 195) The phase in which post-exposure prophylaxis will be effective following rabies virus infection is which of the following?

1. Acute neurologic
2. Coma
3. Incubation
4. Prodrome

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 196) Mucosal disease in cattle due to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) occurs only in:

1. BVDV-vaccinated animals
2. Calves
3. Cattle that are persistently infected with BVDV
4. Immunologically naive animals

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 197) Alpha herpesviruses usually develop latency in:

1. Dermal basal cells
2. Lymphocytes
3. Secretory epithelium
4. Sensory ganglia

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 198) The enteric coronaviruses cause disease by targeting which of the following?

1. Intestinal crypts
2. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes
3. Intestinal villus tips
4. M cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 199) Immunopathology (immune-mediated disease) may be involved with a severe form of which of the following flavivirus infections?

1. Dengue fever
2. St. Louis encephalitis
3. West Nile
4. Yellow fever

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 200) The replication of the RNA virus w/in a cell triggers production by that cell of which of the following?

1. Complement
2. Interferon
3. Interleukin
4. Prostaglandin

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 201) The source of rv virus in most human exposure cases in the US is which of the following?

1. bats
2. coyotes
3. domestic dogs
4. foxes

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 202) A major target tissue of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus is which of the following?

1. Central nervous system
2. Endocrine tissue
3. Liver
4. Spleen

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 203) The viruses of equine arteritis and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome infect which of the following cell types?

1. Enterocytes
2. Lymphocytes
3. Macrophages
4. Neutrophils

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 204) The toroviruses cause disease primarily of which of the following systems

1. Cardiovascular
2. Enteric tract
3. Hepatic tissue
4. Respiratory tract

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 205) The first step in virus replication after uncoating of the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses is which of the following?

1. Genome replication
2. Splicing
3. Transcription
4. Translation

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 206) Bornaviruses are assoc w/ which of the following disorders in vet med?

1. Bolivian ephemeral fever
2. Bovine ephemeral fever
3. Proventricular dilatation dz of psittacines
4. Spring viremia of carp

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 207) West Nile Virus is the most significant in terms of disease production (# of infected animals that actually get sick) for which of the following species?

1. Cattle
2. Dogs
3. Horses
4. Humans

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 208) Equine herpesvirus 3 usually causes:

1. abortion
2. encephalitis
3. rhinopneumonitis
4. vaginitis

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 209) Feline Calicivirus may affect all of the following tissues EXCEPT:

1. Central nervous system
2. Conjunctiva
3. Lungs
4. Upper repiratory tract

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 210) The enteric Coronaviruses generally cuase the most severe disease in:

1. Cloven-hoffed animals
2. Poultry
3. Ruminants
4. Very young animals

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 211) Bovine herpesvirus 1 often targets the:

1. brain
2. liver
3. lung
4. upper respiratory tract

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 212) Whihc of the following descriptions applies to the Caliciviruses?

1. Linear genome of negative polarity
2. Pleomorphic enveloped virus
3. Segmented genome
4. Small nonenveloped virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 213) Birnaviruses may cause dz in

1. birds and amphibians
2. birds and fish
3. horses and cattle
4. reptiles and insects

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 214) Membrane fusion (b/w the virus and the cell), as a mechanism of viral entry, is theoretically possible for which of the following

1. adenoviruses
2. hepadnaviruses
3. papovaviruses
4. parvoviruses

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 215) The primary or main target cell of malignant catarrhal fever virus is which of the following cells?

1. Lymphocytes
2. Neurons
3. Neutrophils
4. Red blood cells

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 216) The viruses of Duck Plague, Pacheco's Disease, and Infectious Laryngotracheitis are all members of which of the following family?

1. Coronoaviridae
2. Herpesviridae
3. Iridoviridae
4. Picornaviridae

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 217) The so-called endogenous retroviruses of avian and feline species (insofar as is known)

1. are only passed horizontally in thess spp
2. have evidently lost the reverse transcriptase enzyme as a result of their intimate (over many generations) relationship with the host cell
3. seem not to be the main cuase of retroviral neoplasia in these spp
4. seem to be the main cause of retroviral neoplasia (cancer) in these spp

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 218) The "point of no return" with RV infection, when intervention with anti-RV immunoglobulin administration and vaccination will no longer be effective for post-exposure tx is which of the following?

1. When the virus enters the peripheral nerves innervating the musc
2. When the virus is first inoculated via the bite
3. When the virus undergoes intial replication in the musc
4. when the virus gains access to the CN

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 219) The vector of rv that is of increasing concern in the USA due to its typical habitat, and to which oral vaccination has been targeted in TN is which of the following?

1. coyotes
2. domestic dogs
3. foxes
4. raccoons

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 220) Smallpox was able to be eradicated via mass vaccination of people against the viral agent. Which of the following viral properties was a major contributor to this capability?

1. It causes persistnet infection of the host
2. It has no animal reservoir
3. It induces short-lived humoral response
4. It is unstable in the environment

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them. 221) A vaccine for foot and mouth disease:

1. Is acid-stable
2. Is serotype-specific
3. Is widely used in the US and Europe
4. Prevents infection and shedding of virus

Answers are locked. Please click here to buy them.

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